Russian History
Multimedia Course
Main page News About us Articles Forum Links Downloads Humor
Russian version  
Pathway: Main page arrow Articles arrow Referats and texts collection arrow Letter from Ivan the Terrible to Elizabeth I
 
Russian History: XX century





Russian History: XIX сentury





Letter from Ivan the Terrible to Elizabeth I

 

 

Letter from Ivan the Terrible to Elizabeth I. [1]

Милосердия ради милости бога нашего (...) мы, великий государь, царь и великий князь Иван Васильевич всеа Русии (...) королевне Елизавети Аглинской, Францовской, Хиперской и иных.

 

Что преже сего не в которое время братъ твой Едвартъ король некоторых людей своих на имя Рыцерта послал нъкоторыхъ для потреб по всему миру местом, и писал ко всемъ королем и царем и княземъ и властодержцомъ и местоблюстителем. А къ намъ ни одного слова на имя не было. И те брата твоего люди, Рыцертъ с товарищи, не ведаемъ которымъ обычаемъ, волею или неволею, пристали к пристанищу к морскому в нашемъ града Двины. И мы и туто какъ подобаетъ государемъ христьянскимъ милостивно учинили ихъ в чести, принели, и въ своихъ в государских в нарядных столехъ ихъ своимъ жалованьемъ упокоили (...) брату к твоему отпустили.

 

И от того от брата твоего приехали къ намъ тот же Рыцертъ Рыцертов, да Рыцерто Грай. И мы и техъ также пожаловали, с честью отпустили. И после того приехал к намъ от брата от твоего Рыцертъ Рыцертовъ, и мы послали къ брату твоему своего посланника Осифа Григорьевича Непею. А гостемъ брата твоего и всемъ аглинскимъ людемъ жаловалную свою грамоту дали такову свободну, какова и нашимъ людемъ торговым не живет свободна, а чаяли есмя то, что от брата вашего и от вас великие дружбы и от всехъ аглинских людей службы.

 

И в кою пору послали есмя своего посланника, и в те поры брата твоего Едварта короля не стало, а учинилася на государстве сестра твоя Мария, и после того пошла за ишпанского короля за Филипа. И ишпанской король Филип и сестра твоя Марья посланника нашего приняла с честью и к намъ отпустили, а дела с нимъ никоторого не приказали. А в те поры ваши аглинские гости почали многие лукавства делати над нашими гостьми и товары свои почали дорого продавати, что чего не стоит.

 

А после того учинилося нам ведомо, что и сестры твоей Марьи ко­ролевны не стало, а Филипа короля ишпанского аглинские люди с королевства сослали, а тебя учинили на королевстве. И мы я тутъ твоимъ гостемъ не учинили никоторые тесноты, а велели имъ по первому торговати.

 

А сколько грамот и приходило по ся места,— а ни у одной грамоты чтобы печать была одна! У всъх грамотъ печати розные. И то не государскимъ обычаемъ, а такимъ грамотам во всъх государьствах не верят. У государей в государстве живет печать одна. И мы и тутъ вашимъ грамотамъ всемъ верили и по темъ грамо­там делали.

 

И после того прислала еси к намъ своего посланника Онтона Янкина о торговых делех. И мы, чаючи того, что он у тебя в жало­ванье, его есмя привели их правде, да и другово твоего торгового человека Рафа Иванова для толмачства, потому что было в такомъ великомъ деле толмачити некому, и приказывали есмя с нимъ к тебе словом свои великие дела тайные, а от тебя хотячи любви. А тебе было къ намъ прислати своего ближнего челове­ка, да Онтона ж с нимъ, или б одного Онтона прислала. И намъ то не ведомо, донес ли те речи до тебя Онтонъ или не донес, а про Онтона года с полтора ведома не было. А от тебя к намъ посланникъ, ни посол никаков не бывал. А мы для того дела твоимъ гостем дали другую свою жаловальную грамоту, а чаяли есмя того, что те гости у тебя въ жалованье, и мы того для имъ свое жалованье свыше учинили.

 

И после того намъ учинилося ведомо, что твой человекъ аглинецъ приехал на Ругодивъ Едваръдъ Гудыван и с нимъ многие грамо­ты, и мы велели спросити о Онтоне, и он о Онтоне ведома нико­торого не учинил, а нашимъ посланникомъ, которые были у него приставлены, многие невежливые слова говорил. И мы велели у него обыскати грамот, и у него многие грамоты выняли, и в тех грамотах про наше государьское имя и про наше государьство со укоризною писано и многи вести неподобные писаны, что будто в нашемъ царстве неподобные дела делаютца. И мы его и тут пожаловали — велели с честью подержати, докуды от тебя о тех речех, которые есмя приказывали с Онтономъ, от тебя ведомо будет.

 

И после того приехал от тебя к нам посланникъ на Ругодив Юрьи Милдентов о торговых делех. И мы его велели спрашивати про Онтона про Янкина, бывал ли он у теба, и как ему от тебя к намъ быти. И посланникъ твой Юрьи дела никоторого не сказал и нашимъ посланником и Онтону лаял. И мы его также велели подержати, докуды от тебя намъ про Онтоновы речи ведомо будет.

И после того нам учинилося ведомо, што от тебя пришел посол на Двинское пристанище Томос Ронделфъ, и мы к нему послали с своимъ жалованьемъ сына боярского и велели ему быти у него в приставех и честь есмя учинили ему великую. А велели есмя его спросити, ест ли с нимъ Онтон, и он нашему сыну боярскому не сказал ничего, а Онтон с нимъ не пришол, и почал говорити о мужитцких о торговых делех.

 

И приехал к нам в наше государьство, и мы к нему посылали многижды, чтоб он с нашими бояры о томъ известился, ест ли с нимъ приказ от тебя о тех ръчех, что мы к тебв с Онтономъ приказывали. И он уродственымь обычаемъ не пошел. А жалобы писал на Томоса да на Рафа, да о иных о торговых делех писал. а наши государьские дела положил в безделье. И потому посол твой замешкал у нас быти: а после того пришло божье посланье — поветрее, и ему было у нас невозможно быти. И как время пришло, и божье посланье минулось поветрее, и мы ему велели свои очи видети. И он намъ говорил о торговых же делех. И мы къ нему высылали боярина своего и наместника вологотцкого князя Офонасья Ивановича Вяземского, да печатника своего Ивана Михайлова, да дьяка Ондръя Васильева, а велели есмя его спросити о том, ест ли за нимъ тот приказ, что есмя к тебе приказывали с Онтономъ. И он сказал, что за нимъ тот приказ есть же. И мы потому к нему жалованье свое великое учинили, и после того у нас и наедине был. И он о тех же о мужитцких о торговых делех говорил, да и те дела намъ изредка сказал же. И намъ в то время поездъ лучился в нашу отчину на Вологду, и мы велели твоему послу Томосу за собою ж ехати. И тамъ на Вологде высылали есмя к нему боярина своего, князя Офонасья Ивановича Вяземского, да дьяка своего Петра Григорьева и велъли есмя с нимъ говорити, какъ темъ деломъ промеж нас пригоже быти. И посол твой Томос Рондолфъ говорил о торговом же деле и одва его уговорили, и о техъ дълех говорили. И приговорили о тех дълех, какъ темъ деломъ пригож меж нас быти, да и грамоты пописали и печати свои есмя к темъ грамотам привесили. А тебе было, будет тебе любо то дело, таково ж грамоты пописати и послов своих к намъ прислати добрых людей, да и Онтона Янкина с ними было прислати ж. А Онтона мы просили для того, что хотели есмя его о томъ роспросити, донес ли он те речи, которые есмя к тебъ с нимъ приказывали, любы ли тебъ те дъла, и что о тех делех твой промыслъ. И вместе есмя с твоимъ посломъ послали своего посла Ондрея Григоревича Совина.

 

И ныне ты къ нам отпустила нашего посла, а с нимъ еси к намъ своего посла не прислала. А наше дело зделала еси не по тому, какъ посол твой приговорилъ. А грамоту еси прислала обычную. какъ проежжую. А такие великие дъла без крепостей не делаютца и без послов. А ты то дело отложила на сторону, а делали с нашимъ посломъ твои бояре — все о торговых дълех, а владели всемъ деломъ твоим гости — сертъ Ульян Гарит да сертъ Ульян Честер. И мы чаяли того, что ты на своемъ государьстве государыня и сама владееш и своей государской чести смотриш и своему государству прибытка, и мы потому такие дела и хотели с тобою делати. Ажно у тебя мимо тебя люди владеют, и не токмо люди, но мужики торговые, и о нашихъ о государских головах и о честех и о землях прибытка не смотрят, а ищут своих торговых прибытков. А ты пребываеш въ своемъ девическомъ чину, как есть пошлая девица. А что которой будет хотя и в нашемъ деле был, да нам изменил, и тому было верити не пригож.

 

И коли уж такъ, и мы те дела отставим на сторону. А мужики торговые, которые отставили наши государские головы и нашу государскую честь и нашимъ землямъ прибыток, а смотрят своихъ торговых делъ, и они посмотрят, какъ учнут торговати! А Московское государьство покаместо без аглинских товаров не скудно было. А грамоту б еси, которую есмя к тебе послали о торговомъ деле, прислала къ нам. А хотя к намъ тое грамоты и не пришлеш, и намъ по той грамоте не велети делати ничего. Да и все наши грамоты, которые есмя давали о торговых делех, по сей день не в грамоты.

 

Писана в нашем государстве града Москвы лета от созданья миру 7079-го октября в 24.

 

 

 

In the name of the mercy of our God, [...] We, Great Ruler, Tsar and Grand Prince Ivan Vasilevich of all Russia [....] to Queen Elizabeth of England, France, Ireland and Others. [2]

 

 

 

Sometime ago your brother Edward, the King, sent some of his people with Richard to find things needed throughout the World.[3] And he wrote to all the Kings and Tsars and Princes and Lieutenants and Plenipotentiaries, but he never wrote to Us by name. And by some unknown accident those people sent by your brother, Richard and his comrades, of their own wish or unwillingly, landed in our port in our city on the Dvina. And We, as is appropriate for Christian Rulers, showed them honour and received them behind our kingly banqueting tables and showed them our goodness and peace[...] and let them go [back] to your brother.

 

 

 

 

 

And then the same Richard son of Richard and Richard Gray came again from your brother, and again we showed them our goodwill and then let them go with honour. And then Richard Richardson came again and we sent our Ambassador Iosif Grigorevich Nepea to your brother. And we gave our patent to the merchants of your brother and to all English people, giving them such freedom which even our merchants do not receive, and we were expecting your brother and you to show great friendship and service from all the English people.

 

 

 

 

 

And when we sent our Ambassador your brother Edward the King deceased and your sister Maria became the Ruler[4] and after that she married the Spanish King Philip. And the Spanish King Philip and your sister Maria received our Ambassador with honour and sent them back to us but they didn't send him with any instructions.[5] And at that time your English merchants started to make much trouble for our merchants and they started to sell their goods expensively at prices which they were not worth.

 

 

And then we found out that your sister Maria had died also[6] and that the English servants of the Spanish King Philip were exiled from the Kingdom and you had been made Queen. And we did not do any harm to your merchants and ordered that they should be allowed to trade as before.

 

 

 

 

 

How many letters we have received in all this time, and all with different seals! That is not the royal custom. And such documents are not trusted in any State. Rulers of States have only one seal. But we believed all your documents and did as they requested.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

And after that you sent to us your Ambassador Anton Iankin[7] on matters of trade. And we, aware that he was in your favour, brought him to us in truth, together with your merchant Ralph Ivanov[8] who should translate, because on such a great matter there was no one who could translate and we sent with them to you by word our great secret matters[9] wanting love from you. You should have sent your close person and Anthony with them or just Anthony on his own. But we don't know whether you received our speeches via Anton or not and it's a year and a half since we haven't heard about him.

 

 

Nor have we had any Ambassador or Envoy from you. And that is why we gave your merchants another one of our villages, hoping that these are your favoured merchants and that is why we gave them more favour than usual.

 

 

 

Then we found out that your man the Englishman came to Rugodiv,[10] Edward Gudyvan, [11] with many documents and we ordered that he should be asked about Anton and he knew nothing about that and he said many rude words to Ambassadors who were sent to him and we ordered that he should be searched for documents and many letters were found on his person and these letters contained much about our Ruler's name and our State containing reproaches and many improper views were written - apparently unworthy matters are happening in our country. But we were kind to him and ordered that he should be held with honour until we hear from you about that which we sent with Anton.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

And then Iurii Mildentov[12] came to us from you to Rugodiv to treat on trade matters. And we asked that he should be asked about Anton Iankin whether he had come to you and what should be happening. But your Ambassador Iurii said nothing useful and was rude to our Ambassador and about Antonii. And we also ordered that he should until we hear something about Anton's speeches.

 

 

Then we found out that an Ambassador came from you to Dvina to the port, by name of Thomas Randolph[13] and we sent with our favour a Boiar son and ordered him to come with a pristav[14] and we honoured him greatly. And we ordered that he should tell us whether Anton is with him and he didn't say anything to our Boiar's son and Anton didn't come with him, instead of which he started talking about the affairs of lowly traders.

 

And he came to our country and we sent for him many times so that he should tell our Boiars if he had brought an order from you about the speeches which we ordered Anton to send you but, he behaving disgustingly, did not come. And he wrote complaints against Thomas and Ralph[15] and wrote about other trade matters and ignored our state matters. And because of that your Ambassador was late in coming and then God sent us his missive, the Plague, and he could not come. And when the time came and the divine missive of the Plague had passed, we ordered him to come before our eyes. And he once again only talked about the same trade matters. And we sent our Boiar and deputy the Prince of Vologda, Afanasii Ivanovich Viazemskii[16] and our sealsman Ivan Mikhailov[17] and our scribe  Andrei Vasilev[18] and we ordered them to ask him whether he has that order about which we sent our order with Anthony. And he said that he has it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

That is why we showed him our great favours and after that he was alone with us too. And he again spoke about those peasant trade matters and very rarely spoke about the other matters. It so happened that at that time we had to take a journey to our patrimony Vologda so we ordered Thomas to come with us. And in Vologda we sent to him our Boiar Prince Afanasii Ivanovich Viazemskii and our diak Petr Grigorev[19] and we ordered them to discuss with him how to arrange matters better between us. And your Ambassador Thomas Randolph once again spoke about trade matters and they only just managed to persuade him to talk about the other matters. And they agreed about the other matters and how they should best be arranged and signed the documents and sealed them with their seals. And it would be good - if you like this course - to sign the same letters and send to us your good Ambassadors and the good thing would be to send Anton Iankin with them. And we have asked to see Iankin because we wanted to ask him whether he brought you the speeches about which we ordered him,[20] whether you like the affairs and what are your plans about them. And together with your Ambassador we sent our Ambassador Andrei Grigorevich Sovin.[21]

 

 

 

Now you have sent our Ambassador back to us but without sending your Ambassador. And you didn't deal with our affairs in the way that your Ambassador said that they would be dealt with.[22] And you sent us an ordinary document which is like a laisser passé. And such great matters are not dealt with without an oath and without Ambassadors. But you have put this matter aside and our Ambassadors could only speak to your Boiars entirely about trade matters and all your affairs were managed by merchants,[23] Sir Ulian Garit and Sir Ulian Chester. We had hoped that you were ruler in your Kingdom and that you yourself ruled, and that you yourself looked after your Kingdom's honour and your Kingdom's advantages and that is why we wanted to deal such matters with you. But it appears that other people rule for you. They are not just people, they are trading peasants and they do not care about our Ruler's heads and our honours and the advantages of our lands, instead seeking just their own trade advantages. And you are in your virginal state like some old unmarried female.[24] And you should have not believed anyone who even though he was aware of our matters had betrayed us.[25]

 

But since things are as they are we too will put this matter aside. And the peasant traders who had contempt for our rulers' heads and our rulers' honour and the advantages of our lands, and just look after their own trade matters, let them see how they will trade! The Moscow State has not suffered so far without English goods. And you should send us the letter which you sent us on trade matters. And even if you don't send us this letter, we will not order that anything should be done about it. And all our letters which we have so far given on trade matters are no longer valid.

 

 

 

 

 

This was written in our city of Moscow of our state in the year 7079[26] from the Creation, on 24th October.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



[1] In 1567 Ivan the Terrible discussed the possibility of a treaty with Andrew Jenkinson the Ambassador of the English Court in Moscow.  Ivan IV wanted Elizabeth I to help him in the Livonian War against Poland-Lithuania. Later, in the 1580’s Elizabeth was to seek a treaty with Russia when wanted the help of Russia in her struggle with Spain and Phillip II.

 

In instructions given in 1568 to Randolph,  Lord Cecil Burleigh, Elizabeth’s chancellor, wrote: ‘You can try to satisfy him with general and fine sounding words, but don't give him a chance to enter into any special agreements for an aggressive or defensive treaty …’ The letter to Elizabeth is Ivan's reaction to the Embassy.

 

The manuscript is a 16th Century original on a roll preserved at Public Record Office in London, SP102/49.  The text has been damaged in places.

 

[2]  France remained in the title of English Kings since the 100 year war; Ireland was claimed by the English Crown from 2nd half of the 12th Century.

 

[3]  In 1553 an expedition from England was sent out to open the North Sea Route to India.  It carried Safe Conducts from Edward VI to all through whose lands the expedition might pass.  One of the ships in the expedition sank but another, commanded by Richard Chancellor, was carried by a storm to the White Sea.  In August 1553 Chancellor landed at the mouth of the Dvina and Chancellor was brought to Moscow.  After returning to England Richard Chancellor was sent again with Richard Gray to another Embassy to Moscow in 1555-1556 and he returned with the Tsar's Ambassador, Iosif Nepea.  In June 1556 Chancellor died in a shipwreck.

 

[4] Edward VI died in the summer of 1553 and was replaced by Mary Tudor, who restored Catholicism in England. This is what Ivan means when he talks about the Spanish King Phillip II who as the husband of Mary Tudor influenced English foreign policy.

 

[5] We do not know about the negotiations held by Ivan with with Phillip and Mary in 1557. As was common in ambassadorial practice in those days, the Russian ambassador may have been required to memorise everything because of the confidentiality of the matter.  Later Ivan was to assert that a treaty of love and unification was being discussed with Phillip and Maria.  According to rumours in Europe, Phillip II was trying to persuade Ivan the Terrible to take up arms against Turkey.

 

[6] Mary Tudor died in November 1558 and Elizabeth I was crowned as her successor.  Phillip II offered his hand in marriage but was unsuccessful.  Elizabeth restored the Reformation in England as part of her foreign policy.

 

[7] Anton Iankin is the Russified version of the name Anthony Jenkinson, presumably his surname Jenkinson was translated literally at a patronymic the son of Jenkin, or Iankin in Russian.  Jenkinson arrived in Moscow in 1557.

 

[8] Ralph Ivanov is Ralph or Rudolph Rutter whose father's name presumably was John or Johann.  He was a German trader.

 

[9]  This was the Russian term for classified information.  Ivan IV proposed via Jenkinson a treaty of eternal friendship and love against all enemies (including the Polish King).  England promised to send shipwrights and to supply artillery and munification.  Both rulers guaranteed each other secretly that "if trouble befalls either of them" they will give each other right of exile.  At the same as writing to Elizabeth, Ivan was proposing an analogous union with the Swedish King Eric XIV.

 

[10] Rugodiv is the name by which Russians referred to Narva, seized by Russia in 1558.

 

[11] Gudyvan is the Russified name of Edward Goodman, head of the Muscovy Company.  He came to Narva in 1567-68.  The Muscovy Company was set up with finance from the City of London and sponsorship from Elizabeth I to investigate opportunities of trade in Russia.  It was the first company with limited liability in the world.

 

[12] Yuri Mildentov was George Middleton, a representative of the Muscovy Company who arrived in Narva in 1568.

 

[13] Thomas Randolph came to Russia in July 1568.  He was received by the Tsar  in Volgda only in February 1569.

 

[14] Pristav is a representative of the Tsar – usually armed.

 

[15] These were complaints made against the traders Thomas Glover and Ralph Ratter who participated in Jenkinson's discussions with the Tsar in 1567 and may have tried to trade in competition with the Muscovy Company.

 

[16] One of Ivan’s oprichnina boiars. In 1569 he was to fall into disfavour because of Ivan’s suspicion of treason in Novgorod. Viazemskii died in 1570.

 

[17] In Russian the word is печатник which nowadays means printer, but here it is the the diak (scribe, administrator) Ivan Viskovatyi holder of the seal – печать - of Ivan the Terrible.  Viskovatyi was executed in 1570.

 

[18] Andrei Vasilevich Monastyrev-Beznosov, one of the diaki  in the service of Ivan the Terrible.  He died during Ivan's punitive attack on Novgorod in 1570.

 

[19] Petr Grigorevich Sovin, an oprichnina diak.

 

[20] According to Anthony Jenkinson's later notes on his journey to Russia, Thomas Randolph denied that he had ever discussed, agreed to or promised any terms or orders and we have no idea what the document supposedly signed by Randolph in 1569 could have contained.  None of the speeches have been found in either Russian or English archives.

 

[21] Brother of Petr. He was sent to England in June 1569 and returned in May 1570.

 

[22] The first draft of the agreement proposed by the Tsar was amended by Elizabeth.  Instead of direct military aid she proposed that if Russia was attacked, England would interced with the attacker to withdraw. Military aid would be sent only if mediation did not work.  Instead of reciprocal right of asylum she proposed that Ivan IV would be well received in England if he was forced to abandon Russia.

 

[23] Гость is the old Russian word for merchant.  These have been identified as Sir William Woollard and Sir William Chester.

 

[24] Ivan may be referring to the limitations on the monarchy of England by parliament and especially by the House of Commons (lowly traders).  Elizabeth, who took little notice of Parliament, told her ambassador to reply that no merchants govern Our State and affairs but We are Ourselves take care of Our affairs as is appropriate for a virgin and a Queen.

 

[25] Andrei Sovin was found guilty of treason in 1570.

 

[26] 1571

< Prev   Next >

Select spelling errors with mouse and press Ctrl+Enter

 
Copyright © 2006 Clio Soft. All rights reserved. E-mail: clio@mail.ru Рейтинг@Mail.ru